David Osten awarded with internship at the German Bundestag from Heraeus Foundation

This semester, I teach the master's courses

Computational Methods I and Gauge/Gravity Duality.

Please check the courses' websites for more informations. Most important, you should not forget to indicate your preferences for each problem sheet. How this work in general is explained below. In the previous semesters, I prepared and gave the following courses at the University of Wrocław:

An Introduction to String Theory (WS 22/23),
Classical Field Theory (tutorial WS 23/24),
Lie Algebras and Lie Groups (SS 22, WS 23/24), and
Quantum Field Theory (SS 22, SS 23, SS 24)

For completeness, as a PhD student, I also gave tutorial for

Theoretical Mechanics, and
String Theory I,

both taught by Dieter Lüst at the LMU Munich.

Courses

Here is an overview about my courses. Listed are the most recent completed semesters. If you are interested in any other installments, please follow the links above.

An Introduction to String Theory

One of the greatest puzzles in theoretical physics is to find a consistent quantum theory of gravity, the only one of the four fundamental forces we do not know how to quantise yet. Although decades of intensive work, we have no conclusive answer to this problem. Currently one of the main contender in race towards quantum gravity is String Theory. It is based on a simple but far reaching idea, to substitute point-like particles with extended objects, strings and membranes. In this course, we will explore the implications of this idea. More precisely, we study the bosonic string and see that it not onl describes gravity but also gauge theories on D-branes. Gauge theories are required to describe the remainig three fundamental forces. This renders string theory to a theory of everything. The course is tailored towards master and PhD students who are familiar with

electrodynamics
special relativity
quantum field theory.

Basic knowledge of general relativity is an advantage, but you also should be find if you did not have attended the GR course yet. There are many good books on the subject, four that I like are

Barton Zwiebach: A First Course in String
Blumenhagen, Lüst, Theisen: Basic Concepts of String Theory
Polchinski: String Theory, Volume 1
Johnson: D-Branes

Moreover, David Tong has some excellent lecture notes. We will have 2.5 hours of lectures and 2.5 hours of tutorial each week. Exercises will be posted here a week before the tutorial they are discussed in. Please keep in mind that active participation in the tutorials is important to pass the course. M.Sc. Luca Scala will be the assistant for the tutorials. Please fell free to contact him or me if you have any questions.

There are many other interesting approaches to Quantum Gravity and string theory is by far not the only one. There is another course this semester, Introduction to Quantum Gravity, which I highly recommend.

Important: Students will be assigned to exercise problems by the system described below, before the tutorial. Please familiarise yourself with this system and do not forget to indicate your preferences.

Additional material for the individual lectures, including the exercises which we discuss in the tutorials, will appear here in due time.

Why, what and how - from the relativistic particle to the Nambu-Goto action
Tutorial13.03.2023 23:00, exercise
Please note that there are no exercise assignments for the first tutorial. However, we will use a few mintues to explain how exercise problems are assigned. To prepare, it would be great if you could already follow the instructions outlined in the pdf you find under the exercise link above. For the remainder of the tutorial, we continue with the lecture. This gives us time to motivate why we need string theory, to look at the relativistic point particle and to show how it can be generalised to the string.

Note: There were some questions today in the lecture about the history of String Theory. A nice account of this topic is given by the short article arXiv:1201.0981 of John Schwarz, one of the founders of the field.
Classical string and the Polyakov action
Symmetries of the classical string, especially, Weyl invariance
Mode expansion and open/closed string boundary conditions
Old covariant quantisation, Virasoro algebra and physical states
Physical spectrum, massless states, no-ghosts theorem, critical dimension $D=26$
Light-cone quantisation (tutorial) and modern covaraint quantisation in the BRST formalism with bc-ghost system (lecture)
Conformal field theory (CFT) and operator product expansion (OPE) in a nutshell
On CFT, one could and should give a full semester course. We cannot do this here, but I try to give you a self-contained introduction. CFT is crucial to discuss interactions between strings. Therefore, we have to gain a basic understanding of it.
Vertex operators and a first glance at string perturbation theory
Reading: [BLT] section 6.1 and 6.2

String perturabation theory is very beautiful. It crucially depends on the moduli space of Riemann surfaces. Unfortunately, we do not have enough to look at this topic in more detail. For those of you how are interested, section 6.2 of the book by Blumenhagen, Lüst and Theisen is a very good starting point. To make you a bit more curious, here is a picutre of a tree-point vertex in the complex plane.

Much more details how it arises can be found in section 4.2 of my PhD thesis [H37].
Low energy effective actions and compactifications
Closed strings on circles and T-dualtiy
D-branes and gauge theories

Classical Field Theory

This is the tutorial for the course "Classical Field Theory" thaught by prof. Frydryszak for the Master in Theoretical Physics at the University of Wrocław. Exercises will be posted here a week before the tutorial they are discussed in. Please keep in mind that active participation in the tutorials is important to pass the course. M.Sc. Achilles Gitsis will be the assistant for the tutorials. Please fell free to contact him or me if you have any questions. For information about credits points, please refer to the syllabus (in Polish) or contact prof. Frydryszak.

Important: Students will be assigned to exercise problems by the system described here at the Friday, 9:00 pm, before the tutorial. Please indicate your preferences by then.

Introduction
Lecture04.10.2023 12:00
Tutorial04.10.2023 15:15, exercise
Sine-Gordon equation
Lecture11.10.2023 12:00
Tutorial10.10.2023 15:15, exercise
Linear chain: Fourier transformation and Hamiltonian
Lecture18.10.2023 12:00
Tutorial18.10.2023 15:15, exercise
Linear chain: Initial value problem and Poisson brackets
Lecture25.10.2023 12:00
Tutorial25.10.2023 15:15, exercise
Minkowski space and the light cone
Lecture08.11.2023 13:00
Tutorial08.11.2023 15:15, exercise
Schwarz and triangle inequalities
Lecture22.11.2023 13:00
Tutorial22.11.2023 15:15, exercise
Four-velocity and four-acceleration
Lecture29.11.2023 13:00
Tutorial29.11.2023 15:15, exercise
Reference frames and relativistic motion
Lecture06.12.2023 13:00
Tutorial06.12.2023 15:15, exercise
Pseudo-Euclidean space
Lecture13.12.2023 13:00
Tutorial13.12.2023 15:15, exercise
Unitary representation of the Poincare group
Lecture20.12.2023 13:00
Tutorial20.12.2023 15:15, exercise
Pauli-Lubański vector and the relativistic particle action
Lecture03.01.2024 13:00
Tutorial03.01.2024 15:15, exercise
Electrodynamics
Lecture10.01.2024 13:00
Tutorial10.01.2024 15:15, exercise
Equations of motion
Lecture17.01.2024 13:00
Tutorial17.01.2024 15:15, exercise
Lagrangian of real scalar field
Lecture24.01.2024 13:00
Revision
Lecture26.01.2024 13:00, revision
Achilles prepared notes that summarize the most important insights of this semester. Perhaps they are useful in preparing for the exam.

Lie Algebras and Groups

Lie algebras describe infinitesimal symmetries of physical systems. Therefore, they and their representation theory are extensively used in physics, most notably in quantum mechanics and particle physics. This course introduces semi-simple Lie algebras and the associated Lie groups for physicists. We discuss the essential tools, like the root and weight system, to efficiently work with them and their representations. As on explicit application of the mathematical framework, we discuss Grand Unified Theories (GUT). Moreover, we show how modern computer algebra tools like LieART can significantly help in all explicit computations throughout the course.

A simple example is the visualisation of the root system of $E_6$ projected on the Coxeter plane, which you can see here. If you want to understand how it is created and connected to particle physics, you should take this course. Basic knowledge of core concepts in linear algebra, like vector spaces, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, is assumed. Some good books about the topic are:

Fuchs and Schweigert: Symmetries, Lie Algebras and Representations
Gilmore: Lie Groups, Lie Algebras, and Some of Their Applications
Fulton and Harris: Representation Theory
Georgi: Lie Algebras In Particle Physics: from Isospin To Unified Theories

The article Phys. Rep. 79 (1981) 1 by Slansky and the manual of the LieART package are good references, too.

Note: At multiple occasions, we will use Mathematica and it might be a good idea to set it up on your computer. Following the instructions on the main teaching website, you should be eventually able to run the notebook, which generates the projection of the $E_6$ root system above.

Exam: After a majority vote, we decided together that the written exam for this course will take place on Tuesday, the 6th of February 2024, at 13:00 in room 447 (the one where we also have our classes). It will take two hours and you have a practise exam to help you preparing for it. Please be there five minutes earlier such that we can start on time.

Retake Exam: As discussed via email, you have the chance to take part in the retake exam on Thursday, the 15th of February 2024, at 13:00 in room 447. Exactly the same conditions as described for the exam above will apply. If you would like to take part in the retake exam, please send me a quick message via email such that I have an estimated head count and can bring the right number of exams.

Introduction and motivation
Lecture03.10.2023 10:15, motivation SO(3), notes
Some mathematical preliminaries
Lecture10.10.2023 10:15, notes
Unfortunately, there has been some problems with the WiFi in the class room and as a result the recording of the lecture is not usable. Let us hope that it will work better the next time.
Classical matrix groups
Lecture17.10.2023 10:15, notes
Cartan subalgebra
Lecture24.10.2023 10:15, notes
Root system
Lecture31.10.2023 11:15, example sl(3,C), notes
Sorry for the bad sound quality of the recording. I am working on this issue.
Simple root and Cartan matrix
Lecture07.11.2023 11:15, E6 root system, notes
Classification and Dynkin diagrams
Lecture14.11.2023 11:15, notes
Irreducible representations
Lecture21.11.2023 11:15, notes
Because I mentioned that you can remember the Dynkin diagram of so(8) by thinking of the flux-capacitor from Back to the Future and some of you have not see this movie here is a picutre. For me this is a classic and I highly recommend to watch it when you have not do so yet.
$\mathfrak{su}$ ( $N$ ) representations and Young tableaux
Lecture28.11.2023 11:15, notes
Highest weight representations
Lecture05.12.2023 11:15, notes
There was a small ambiguity in the Freudenthal formula for the multiplicity. The wedge for "and", looked like the V for vector space. I corrected this one in the notes. You will need this equation for the practise exam. But it is also given there.
Characters and Weyl group
Lecture12.12.2023 11:15, notes, SO5 irrep and A2 root system
Decomposition of tensor products and regular subalgebras
Lecture19.12.2023 11:15, notes
Special subalgebras and branching rules
Lecture09.01.2024 11:15, notes
Particle theory and the standard model
Lecture16.01.2024 11:15, notes
The Georgi–Glashow model
Lecture23.01.2024 11:15, notes

Quantum Field Theory

One-loop contribution to the anomalous magnetic dipole moment This is the mandatory Quantum Field Theory course of the Master in Theoretical Physics at the University of Wrocław. It is tailored towards master and PhD students who are familiar with

quantum mechanics
electrodynamics
special relativity
quantum electrodynamics.

There are many good books on the subject, four that I like are

[PeskSchr] Peskin, Schroeder: An introduction to quantum field theory
[Ryder] Ryder: Quantum Field Theory
Weinberg: The Quantum Theory of Fields, Volume 1 & 2
Zee: Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell.

We will follow mostly the first one in the lectures. There will be 2 hours of lectures and 2 hours of tutorial each week. Exercises will be posted here a week before the tutorial they are discussed in. Please keep in mind that active participation in the tutorials is important to pass the course. M.Sc. Biplab Mahato will be the assistant for the tutorials. Please fell free to contact him () or me if you have any questions. For information about credits points, please refer to the syllabus or contact me directly.

Important: Students will be assigned to exercise problems by the system described here at the Thursday, 9:00 pm, before the tutorial. Please indicate your preferences by then.

Exam: After a majority vote, we decided together that the written exam for this course will take place on Monday, the 3rd of July 2023, at 14:00 in room 447 (the one where we also have our classes). It will take two hours and we will discuss a practise exam in the last tutorial to help you preparing for it. Please be there five minutes earlier such that we can start on time. Also note that you need to have more than 50% of the points from the exercises assigned to you to qualify for the exam. You can check your points here on the website, or, if you are in doubt, with me.

Retake Exam: As discussed via email, you have the chance to take part in the retake exam on Friday, the 8th of September 2023, at 17:00 in room 447. Exactly the same conditions as described for the exam above will apply. If you would like to take part in the retake exam, please send me a quick message via email such that I have an estimated head count and can bring the right number of exams.

Additional material for the individual lectures, including the exercises which we discuss in the tutorials, is given below:

Reminder of spin 0 and 1/2 fields
Lecture02.03.2023 09:15, notes
Tutorial07.03.2023 11:15, exercise
Reading: [PeskSchr] sections one and two

Please note that there are no exercise assignments for the first seminar. Instead, we continue with the lecture.
Reminder of spin 1 fields and abelian gauge symmetries
Lecture07.03.2023 09:15, notes
Tutorial14.03.2023 11:15, exercise
Reading: [Ryder] sections 3.3 and 4.4
Non-abelian gauge symmetries and Lie groups
Lecture14.03.2023 09:15, notes
Tutorial21.03.2023 11:15, exercise
Reading: [PeskSchr] section 15 except for 15.3 or alternatively [Ryder] sections 3.5 and 3.6
Path integral in quantum mechanics and for the scalar field
Lecture21.03.2023 09:15, notes
Tutorial28.03.2023 11:15, exercise
Reading: [PeskSchr] section 9.1
Generating functional, interactions and Feynman rules
Lecture28.03.2023 08:15, notes, Feynman rules from path integral
Tutorial04.04.2023 11:15, exercise
Reading: [PeskSchr] section 9.2

During the lecture and tutorial, there were several questions how to derive the symmetry factors and the Feynman rules directly from the path integral. The simple answer is of course, just expand up to the relevant order. However, this is not completely straightforward and requires a little bit care with combinatorics and Wick's theorem. Therefore, the detailed computation is attached for the propagator in $\phi^4$ theory. This hopefully helps to resolve the problem.
Path integral for fermions, Grassmann numbers, chiral anomaly (in the exercise)
Lecture04.04.2023 08:15, notes
Tutorial18.04.2023 11:15, exercise
Reading: [PeskSchr] section 9.5
Path integral for spin-1 bosons, ghost fields
Lecture18.04.2023 08:15, notes
Tutorial25.04.2023 11:15, exercise
Reading: [PeskSchr] section 9.4

In the second step of the Faddev-Popov procedure, we discussed during the lecture, we average over different gauge choices $\omega(x)$ . We were using a Gaussian weight factor for this purpose, i.e.

$Z_0 = \underbrace{N(\xi) \int \mathcal{D}\omega \exp\left[ -i \int \mathrm{d}^4 x \frac{\omega^2}{2\xi} \right]}_{\displaystyle = 1} Z_0$

At this point, the question: "Why do we use the Gaussian weight?". My answer: "Because we can compute it." is correct, but one could also use any other weight function and, after much more work, would obtain the same result. There is a nice thread on Physics stack exchange discussion this issue.
One loop effects in QED: field-strength renormalisation and self-energy
Lecture25.04.2023 08:15, notes, Spectral Density Function
Tutorial09.05.2023 11:15, exercise
Reading: [PeskSchr] section 7.1

Please take a look at the details for the derivation of the spectral density function, which we did not have time to discuss in the lecture.
Dimensional regularisation and superficial degree of divergence
Lecture09.05.2023 08:15, notes
Tutorial16.05.2023 11:15, exercise
Reading: Peskin&Schroeder sections 7.5 and 10.1
One-loop renoramlised $\phi^4$ theory
Lecture16.05.2023 08:15, notes
Tutorial23.05.2023 11:15, exercise
Reading: [PeskSchr] section 10.2
Renormalisation group flow
Lecture23.05.2023 08:15, notes
Tutorial30.05.2023 11:15, exercise
Reading: [PresSchr] section 12.1
The Callan-Symanzik equation and $\beta$ -functions
Lecture30.05.2023 08:15, notes
Tutorial06.06.2023 11:15, exercise
Reading: [PresSchr] sections 12.2

During the lecture, we noted that the renoramlisation condition used for massless $\phi^4$ -theory is are quite different from what we used in lecture 10 (see section 7.2 of the notes). The major challenge here is that we are dealing with a massless theory and there is a prori no mass with we can use to introduce a renormalisation scale. To overcome this problem, an imaginary mass $p^2 = -M^2$ is used to fix the renormalisation conditions which holds the physical mass (the real part of $M$ ) fixed at zero.
Gravity, quantum gravity, one-loop $\beta$ -functions of a two-dimensional $\sigma$ -model and string theory
Lecture07.03.2023 09:15, notes
Tutorial13.06.2023 11:15, exercise
Reading: David Tong's lecture notes on String Theory section 7.1, original article Phys.Rev.Lett. 45 (1980) 1057
Spontaneous symmetry breaking and the Higgs mechanism
Lecture13.06.2023 08:15, notes
Tutorial15.06.2023 17:00, practise exam
Reading: [PresSchr] sections 11.1 and 20.1

There is no problem sheet for this lecture. In the tutorial, which takes place right after the last lecture, we discuss the practise exam.
BRST symmetry, physical Hilbert space
Lecture15.06.2023 15:00
Reading: [PeskSchr] section 16.2-16.4

Generalities

Mathematica

For computations we use Mathematica. It is a very powerful tool with unfortunately a quite high price for a license. Students can get a discount on licenses. If your budget is not sufficient for a student license, you can use the Wolfram Engine for Developers. After creating a Wolfram ID, it can be downloaded for free. The Wolfram Engine implements the Wolfram Language, which Mathematica is based on. But, it lacks the graphical notebook interface. Fortunately, some excellent free software called Jupyter Notebook fills the gap. Both can be connected with the help of Wolfram Language for Jupyter project on GitHub. Getting everything running might require a little bit of tinkering. But in the end, you get a very powerful computer algebra system for free. Finally, you should install LieART by following the "Manual Installation" instructions.

Assignment of problems

Solving the exercise problems for a course is very important. It helps to practice the concepts and ideas introduced during the lecture, and you will also be graded for the solutions you present during the tutorials. But at the same time, one of the most annoying questions for the students and the lecturer is: "Who would like to present his solutions to the next problem?".

Therefore, we use the following system to assign students to problems based on their preferences:

You need to log in with your USOS account (every student at the University of Wrocław should have one). To do so, click on the small closed door in the top left corner of this window and enter your credentials in the window which pops up. The first time you do this, you will be asked to give this website minimal access to your USOS profile.

After a successful login, you can go to your course above and find the new link "manage" after each lecture with an exercise. If you do not see this link, check if you are logged in (the small closed door you clicked in the last step should be slightly open now). Second, verify that the course you are looking at is indeed your course. When the problem still persists, please get in touch with me.

If you click "manage", you will find a list of all the problems that we discuss during the exercises. If problems have not yet been assigned to students, you can indicate your preferences by sorting this list. Entries on the top have the highest priority, while those at the bottom have the lowest. You sort them by drag&drop with either the mouse or your finger if you work with a touchscreen. Once this is done, do not forget to click the "Save" button at the bottom.

You can always come back later and revisit your choice or change it until the assignments are fixed. Once this happens, you will get an email and see the students' names to present the various problems. The backup candidate (the second name) should be ready to take over if required.

Make sure you log out at the end of your session by clicking on the now slightly opened door you arleady used to login.

The assignments made by this system are binding. For every problem you present you can get up to three points. These points are added up and used at the end of the course to calculate your grade. If you cannot present an assigned problem, you will get zero points and put your backup on the spot. Therefore: Please prepare properly and in case of any emergencies, let us know timely. Backup candidates can earn extra points (up to 1.5) by presenting a problem. But they can also lose the same amount if they are not prepared.

Problems are assigned completely automatically after the criteria: Everybody in the course should present the same number of problems. The indicated preferences are taken into account. If several students have the same preferences, the one who submitted them the earliest wins. You do not have to submit any preferences at all. In this case, the system assumes that you do not care which problem you have to present.